Business Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Business Ethics - Essay Example A virtue encourages the maintenance of the world as well as meeting one’s needs and the need of others. Virtue ethics is a principle that encourages moral character. It encourages one to do to others, as he / she  would wish it done unto (Cuillla 17). These moral principles, however, do not apply. People have turned unto unrestricted profit seeking and immorality, thus breaching the business ethics and moral principles. This discussed in the industrial food system, consumer culture (story of the stuff), and in global warming (an inconvenient truth) (Cuillla 117). Q1. Unrestrained profit seeking and immortality The industrial food system has turned out to be the county’s food supply. Fast foods have taken the central parts of the highly consumed foods. Fast foods have gone a step ahead to alter the way chicken raised and their living conditions breaching the rights of animals. The various forms in which corn processed into, the various products of eggs and other fast f ood s as hamburger all constitute fast foods. In fact, a child reported of dying from Escherichia coli after eating hamburger as 325,000 Americans hospitalized where 5000 from food-borne illness. The food currently produced directly or indirectly affects the personal or community health, the natural resources, the environmental quality, and natural and human-induced hazards (Cuillla 341). It goes further to affecting science and technology locally, nationally and globally. The unrestricted profit seeking and immortality have lead to the breach of all moral principles and virtues. The consumer culture in the story of stuff shows the process goods undergo extraction, production, distribution, consumption, and disposa

Black People and South Africa Essay Example for Free

Black People and South Africa Essay The movie invictus portrays a very controversial issue that has been presented throughout history in many ethnic groups and is seen in societies up to these days. The apartheid is clearly pictured in the movie through many of the attitudes and actions that people take towards the other race they live in their day by day. What is more, Mandela constitutes one of the most important figures in South Africa, especially for the black race as he ? liberated them?from the apartheid. From those days Mandela has been recognized worldwide as a major symbol of the rainbow nation; a reality of distinction between the black and the white people and its establishing differe nces. In the movie, it is highly represented the context in which two different races coexist, and how such a popular sport as rugby can actually create a powerful bond between two races, stimulating a feeling of companionship and unity for the population . For instance, one of the most significant examples seen in the movie is that about the rejection towards Nelson Mandela as a color person when he was first elected as president of the republic of South Africa. The staff of the presidential house, for example started to resign at the very moment it was officially proclaimed that the new president, who had been 27 years in prison for the conflict of the segregation, was a color person. Besides all the differences the two races had in the 1990? s, such as economic standards, prohibition in public places, and extremely opposite ideologies , the Spring Boks which were the most popular rugby team, reached the goal to give an end to the Apartheid. This does not only concern the social, as well as political, and ec onomical issues, but rugby also serves as an emotional trigger to what represents the unity, compassion and sets free the passion to reinforce a country. As the Spring Boks managed to win the World Cup, which was firstly asked by the president, the country started to be a better one, a country which had day by day less and less differences between the two races that were facing each other for more than 10 years. The feeling of rejection towards being in the same room with a colour person was vanished, the passion that both ? nations? had achieved for the South African rugby team was found in each of the African member, and what is more, the strength that the country accomplished by the power that Mandela had towards his family, the South African population. The equality that had been formed between the different races was totally represented in the movie in all the aspects of the population, from the economic Maria Eugenia Traibel Senior III West Social Studies Invictus Essay position, to the social, political and ideological one. This can be demonstrated with many situations that were demonstrated in the movie Invictus. On the one hand, I could express the changes in the social aspects with a punctual situation that besides it was shown in the movie, it was a situation tha t was lived in South Africa every day, this one is associated with the prohibition of access of public places such as bathrooms, rugby and football fields, and the feeling of being in the same room with a person of a different race. The social rejection that the population felt towards the black people, and the feeling of revenge that the colour people felt towards the white ones, was such that they couldn? t speak to each other. From the ideological aspect, I could say that it was one of the aspects that were mostly shown especially through the rugby. The black people couldn? t stand or see the symbol of the spring Boks, as it represented to them the segregation, the apartheid, even the children who were given clothes as a gift because they couldn? t have them, they didn?t accept the Spring Boks t-shirts, it made them feel revenge and fear. But as Nelson fought for having a rainbow nation through the rugby, colour people started to change their minds and support their country as they didn? t do before. They lea rned to play the sport; they waved the Spring Boks flag and the South African one and also shared the passion for the game with all the African population. The distrust that the white people had towards Nelson Mandela made a twist when he went directly to the important symbol of them, the rugby. All he learned about the other culture was while he spent time in prison, the strategies that he used to make a better country all came to him with the time, and with the 27 years that he had to think while he was alone in his cell. All in all, the movie Invictus is a great demonstration of the history of apartheid that the Republic of South Africa suffered, and also how the powerful symbol of it, Nelson Mandela, fought to reach the end of it, and to reinforce the country, so they could have a rainbow nation, a nation with equality in their lives.

Concept of liberalization:

Concept of liberalization: Introduction: The early 1990s was an era of intense changes in the Indian economic system. The torrent of international companies that we see today in India was born as a result of the economic transitions the country went through in 1991. It was the age of relaxation of a number of rules popularly known as â€Å"Liberalization†. With liberalization, there was an increase in competition and certain categories were facing competition for the first time. There could be no lackadaisical attitude on the part of the companies existing pre-liberalization as the whole economic system was overthrown to willingly accommodate more players. Liberalization had far reaching impacts. One are which it impacted significantly was the arena of advertising. Organizations couldnt take their customers for granted as there were other organizations waiting to eat into their market share. Advertisements hence became a more incisive tool for organizations to make their presence felt and appeal to their target audie nce. It is this change in the pattern of advertising that this thesis wishes to track. Literature Review Exploring the Concept of Liberalization: â€Å"in July 1991 with the announcement of sweeping liberalization by the minority government of P.V. Narasimha Rao opened the economy dismantled import controls, lowered customs duties, and devalued the currency virtually abolished licensing controls on private investment, dropped tax rates, and broke public sector monopolies. We felt as though our second independence had arrived: we were going to be free from a rapacious and domineering state† Das (2000), on the reforms that originated with the July 1991 package announced by Manmohan Singh (Panagariya, 2004). To ‘Liberalize means remove or loosen restrictions on (something typically an economic or political system).   Generally, Liberalization (Liberalisation) refers to removal or relaxation of restrictions imposed by the previous government usually in areas of economic or social policy.   In the area of social policy, liberalization refers to the relaxation of laws for example, laws on homosexuality, drugs, abortion, divorce etc.   In the area of economic policy, liberalization can either be privatized or be liberalized.   Like, India has liberalized various markets, instituting a system of competition, but still some of the departments like Gas and Energy remain partially or completely in government ownership. The economic liberalization in India refers to the current reforms in India.   The Indian economy was liberalized in 1991.   That marked the end of â€Å"License Raj†.   License Raj, also known as Permit Raj, was the brainchild of Jawaharlal Nehru, Indias first Prime Minister.   It was the result of Nehrus decision to have a planned economy in India where all the aspects of economy are controlled by the government (state).   License Raj refers to the elaborate licenses and regulations and the accompanying ‘red tape, which was required to set up and run businesses in India between 1947 and 1990.     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   In the late 80s, the government led by Rajiv Gandhi eased restrictions; removed price controls and reduced corporate taxes. This did increase the rate of growth, but it in turn led to high fiscal deficits and a worsening current account. Soviet Union, Indias major trading partner collapsed at the same time and the first Gulf War, which caused a spike in oil prices, caused a major balance-of-payments crisis for India. The Gulf war also led to a reduction in repatriation from expatriate workers (an important source of foreign exchange at that time).   India asked for a $1.8 billion bailout loan from IMF, which in return demanded reforms.   In response to this, Prime Minister Narasimha Rao and the finance minister Manmohan Singh initiated the economic liberalization of 1991. The reforms did away with the License Raj and ended many public monopolies, allowing automatic approval of foreign direct investment in many sectors. On licensing, the new policy explicitly stated, â€Å"industrial licensing will henceforth be abolished for all industries, except those specified, irrespective of levels of investment.† (Sivadasan, 2007) Liberalization is about Encouraging growth of private sector Simplification of policy, regulation, tax structure Facilitating Foreign Direct Investment Restructuring public sector for efficiencies Providing incentives for exports and allowing more imports Put emphasis on modernization of plants and equipment through liberalized imports of capital goods and technology (Sivadasan, 2007) Expose the Indian industry to competition by gradually reducing the import restrictions and tariffs Moving away from protection of small scale industries Realization that economies of scale is necessary for economic growth (Singh Shankar, 2008) Life before 1991 Various rules were imposed on foreign companies operating in India, under the Foreign Exchange Regulation Act (1973).   Foreign ownership rates were restricted to below 40% in most industries. In addition, restrictions were placed on the use of foreign brand names, on remittances of dividends abroad and on the proportion of local content in output (under the Phased Manufacturing Program).  Ã‚   (Sivadasan, 2007) Very limited brands available on the supermarket shelves Upto 97% taxes on private players High-level corruption.   Frustrated Entrepreneurs State monopoly in many key sectors including TV broadcast.   Hence, the monopoly of Doordarshan. [Television and public policy: change and continuity in an era of global liberalization, David Ward, 2009] Legendary battle between the two textile magnates Dhirubhai Ambani and Nusli Wadia in the latter part of 1986.   The battle between these 2 corporate rivals Dhirubhai Ambani, Chairman Reliance Industries Ltd., is not the first in the history but the weapons such as the Press employed by them on the large scale is certainly without a parallel. This shattered the concept of objective journalism in a business controlled press (Aggarwal, 1989) Movies of that era young man rebelling against the ‘system a reflection of common mans angst against a state-run, corrupt, bureaucratic machinery which slowed down the progress of India rather than facilitating it. Life after 1991 Foreign direct investors were now allowed up to 51% equity stakes in certain industries, under the â€Å"automatic approval route. Further, restrictions relating to use of foreign brands, remittances of dividend and local content were relaxed. Following these reforms, there was a significant increase in amount of foreign direct investment into India(Sivadasan, 2007) Media Explosion Introduction of Cable TVs.   Since most of the Doordarshans programming was seen to be unimaginative and dull, large audiences switched to satellite television channels made available through cable. Influx of western ideas and lifestyle Conspicuous consumption Entry of foreign players and hence multiple players in each category.   Great increase in competition and hence, customer at the advantage Increase in challenges of Media Planning and Brand Building due to the widespread channels Emergence of TVR, GRPs, TAM ratings etc  · Much more buoyant and optimistic state of mind was reflected in Bollywood.   Hence, all soft, mushy, romantic blockbusters like ‘Hum Aapke Hai Kaun,Dilwale Dulhaniya Le Jaayenge,Kuch Kuch Hota Hai (Joshi, 2001) Defining Advertising: Advertising is so familiar to modern readers that it may seem odd to ask what an advertisement is.   Although advertising is all around us perhaps because it is all around us we dont often pause to think about its nature as a form of discourse, as a system of language use. There are multiple definitions of advertising like ‘Advertising is simply one of many available channels of communication and ‘Advertisements are the messages that advertising carries, in an attempt to achieve those ends. Advertising is a form of communication used to influence individuals to purchase products or services or ideas Advertising is a non-personal form of promotion that is delivered through selected media outlets that, under most circumstances, require the marketer to pay for message placement Any paid-for communication, intended to inform and/or influence one or more people is Advertising Of few of the above mentioned definitions, I could best relate advertising being ‘any paid-for communication, intended to inform and/or influence one or more people Paid-for Any advertisement that is not paid for is not an advertisement Communication Every advertisement is attempting to bridge a gap between a sender and one or more potential receivers.   That bridge is a form of communication. Intended Not all advertisements ‘work, in the sense of achieving their desired objectives, but they are nonetheless part of advertising. Inform and/or influence The purely informative advertisement may be rare and the distinction between information and persuasion may be difficult to draw, but an advertisement does not have to set out to influence either attitude or behavior in order to qualify (Bullmore, 2003) History of Advertising Worlds first ever advertisements appeared some 3000 years B.C. as ‘stencilled inscriptions on bricks made by the Babylonians. History tells us that out-of-home advertising and Billboards are the oldest form of advertising.   Printed advertising began to make itsappearance for ‘Royal announcements in early Europe: China, Turkey, England (1100 -1711). Moving on to American advertising in 1729 1850; several changes occurred interms of medium, message, manner of presentation. These changes are nothing but areflection of the social, economical and technological changes over time. Changing times and society called up for changes in the way advertising was planned. There has been one or the other peculiar aspect of advertising strategy, which kept it growing in volumes of success and importance. In 1870 the first ‘Brand advertisement for St. Jacobs Oil appeared and this phenomenon continued till early 80s. Further ‘slogans and trade characters took over the job. Then there came a time to appeal; variety of creative appeals (humor, sex, fear, love, affection etc.) made the further way up for advertising (Pincas Loiseau, 2008) Medium of Advertising Medium is nothing but a channel that carries the Advertisers message.   There are six major categories of advertising media 1. Print Media refers to any published, printed medium such as Newspapers and magazines. a. Newspapers are one of the traditional mediums used by all types of businesses to promote their product or service or idea. Advantages Huge reach in a given geographic area Flexibility in deciding the size and the placement of the ad Exposure to the ad is not limited.   People can go back to see the ad Quick turn around.   The ad if decided to run today can be in the hands of the customers in a day or two Disadvantages: Expensive ad space Lot of competition Poor photo production Highly visible medium, and hence the competitors can quickly react to your prices Newspapers facing stiff competitions from internet b. Magazines more focused, expensive compared to newspapers Advantages: Better targeting of audience Higher reader involvement and hence more attention paid to the advertisement Better color reproduction Disadvantages: Long lead time Limited flexibility in terms of ad placement and format Higher costs compared to newspapers 2. Electronic Media consists of radio and television a. Radio is a universal medium enjoyed at one time or another during the day. Advantages: Negotiable rates Less inflation in radio media compared to other media Disadvantages: Listener cannot go back to the ads for the important points Ads, an interruption in the entertainment Radio is a background medium.   Most listeners are doing something else while listening b. Television permits you to reach large number of people Advantages: Television permits you to reach large numbers of people on a national or regional level in a short period of time New opportunities to pinpoint local audiences Television being an image-building and visual medium, it offers the ability to convey your message with sight, sound and motion Disadvantages: Lot of competition.   Requires multiple exposure for the ad to get noticed Preferred ad times are often sold out far in advance Relatively expensive in terms of creative, production and airtime costs Limited length of exposure, as most ads are only thirty seconds long or less, which limits the amount of information you can communicate 3. Out-of-home media is focused on marketing to consumers when they are on the go in public places, in transit, waiting (such as in a medical office), and/or in specific commercial locations. a. Out door advertising: is essentially used for any type of advertising that reaches the consumer while he or she is outside the home. Advantages: Specific Target Audience Good for branding and positioning Creates greater consumer awareness Disadvantages: Less effective in tactical and short term campaigns b. Transit Advertising: Transit advertising is typically advertising placed on anything, which moves, such as buses, subway advertising, truckside, and taxis, but also includes fixed static and electronic advertising at train and bus stations and platforms. Airport advertising, which helps businesses address an audience while traveling, is also included in this category. Advantages: Good for all ranges of a businesses advertising budget You get what you pay for A target audience is exposed to a single advertisement for a long period of time It picks up the speed due to frequency Timeliness Geographical selectivity Disadvantages: People on transit may not even notice such advertisements, simply because they became used to transit advertising Many of those people may not be interested in you and your product at all; hence, transit ads are not easy to target despite the high level of reach * Design limitations 4. Internet Advertising is a form of promotion that uses Internet and World Wide Web for communicating with the customers. Advantages: Rapidly growing industry Affluent market Selective Targeting Interactive medium Immediate Response In-depth information Disadvantages: Security and Privacy Slow downloads Global marketing limits Untested medium 5. Direct Mailers is a marketing technique in which the seller sends marketing messages directly to the buyer. Direct mail include catalogs or other product literature with ordering opportunities; sales letters; and sales letters with brochures Advantages: Personalized marketing message Effectiveness of the response can be easily measured Control Ad campaign is hidden from the competitors Active involvement- the act of opening the mail and reading it Disadvantages: Selectivity problem Long lead times are required for creative printing and mailing Can be expensive, depending on the target market and size of the campaign Monitoring Advertising Dealing with advertising is still one of the hardest tasks facing marketing people.   It remains notoriously difficult to demonstrate this return, to show clearly that advertising is paying its way.   It is also difficult to understand how advertising works, how consumers respond to it.   How do we choose the best way of developing our advertising, testing it, checking it out, ensuring that it meets the objectives we have set for it let alone evaluating how far it has done so, and how we should improve it? (McDonald, 1998) Research Problem To analyze the change in content and pattern with regard to the nature of print advertisements in the pre-liberalization and post-liberalization era Research Objectives To understand liberalization and the changes resulting as a result of this measure To understand the implications of liberalization on advertising from a regulations perspective To trace the change in the nature of advertisements before and after liberalization Research Methodology The research will be qualitative in nature.   And the method which will be used will be content analysis. An analysis of the advertisements of top five brands in the soaps and chocolates category will be carried out, bathing Soaps, coming in daily usage category and chocolates in occasional usage category. Here print advertisements of the top five brands pre and post liberalization will be taken and a content analysis will be done on them. This will be used to track changes in pattern and using these two categories the results will be extrapolated for the FMCG category as such.

Sexual Harassment of Teens In The Workplace Essay -- Sexual Harassment

For millions of teenagers working in the American workforce, being sexually harassed is not an uncommon occurrence in their daily work environment. Unfortunately, teenagers in the workforce become particularly vulnerable to acts of harassment because they lack awareness about their rights as an employee and do not have enough work experience or maturity to address situations that arise in the work environment. These teenagers are usually part-time workers, overlooked for training, view their supervisors as having the ultimate authority over their job, and are more likely to be unaware of harassment policies than other workers within the workforce. Despite all of these factors, more and more organizations in industries like retail (i.e. Kmart), entertainment (i.e. movie theatres), and food services (i.e. McDonalds) to be specific, have turned to teenagers as a key source of labor. In doing so, these organizations have exposed themselves to the liability of protecting the youth tha t they employ and must take even greater measures to prevent these teenagers from being subjected to a hostile work environment. Where these organizations fail to protect the youth that they employ, the federal (and State) government, by way of passing labor laws and through the administration of the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC), attempts to ensure that teens are fairly educated and represented if such a hostile work environment occurs. It is through the EEOC’s guardianship that the government has recognized as well as acknowledged a need to protect teenagers from harassment in the workplace and have more recently been active in taking action against organizations that fail to do so. Despite these efforts, an increasing number of... ...nd successfully prove harassment in the workplace. Larger increases in punitive and compensatory damages are becoming more common as awards by juries in cases involving working teenagers. Despite these legal protections, there is still more that needs to be done in order to ensure that employed teenagers are being protected in the workplace from harassment. Employers must recognize their neglect of teenagers within the workforce in order to become more conscious about the hostile work environments that they may be creating or promoting for the teens that they employ. With the establishment of initiatives by the EEOC to educate these teens about their rights as employees and providing assistance to employers through the creation of specific harassment prevention guidelines, it is likely that the work environment for teens in the future will change for the better.

Model Summary “Computers and the Pursuit of Happiness” Essay

In his article â€Å"Computers and the Pursuit of Happiness,† David Gelernter examines the impact of computers in the life of mankind. He addresses three questions: whether computers and the internet started a new information age, whether computers have been good for the human race, and whether they will have a positive impact in the next half century. For the first question, Gelernter’s answer is â€Å"no’ because, according to him, computers haven’t reduced our basic needs for things such as food, clothing, shelter and one another, nor has it decreased our need for physical stuff. He looks at the three arguments that people who claim that we are in a new information age make: we have new machines that can create, store and deliver information, that computer networks have conquered geography and that these are intelligent machines. He contradicts all three claims. First, he says computers are only the latest in a series of inventions that started us in the information age in the early 20th century. Second, mankind had already started to conquer distance through infrastructure and technology. Finally, there had been many other intelligent machines before computers such as the thermostat, the electrical system in a car, flying machines, radio, TV, electricity and so on. However, he concedes that computers have had a big impact in science and engineering since it is cheaper and more efficient to use computational models in research in those fields. Next, Gelernter addresses the question whether computers have been good for mankind. He contends that if human beings are poor or ignorant, they need more wealth and information. In this country, most people are above the threshold of poverty and ignorance; hence, what computers bring into their life doesn’t matter much except while people are in the process of acquiring more wealth and information. Despite the wealth and information computers have generated, human happiness hasn’t increased on the whole. Although technology does change social structures, the important question is whether those new social structures are better than the old ones. Gelernter says it is impossible to compare the two because the new ones have more â€Å"machine ingredients† whereas the old ones had more â€Å"human ingredients†. Finally, to the question whether computers will benefit human race in the next half-century, Gelernter responds by saying that computers and software are bringing in new possibilities and structures. Online schools make it possible for lessons to be presented and learned in ways that would not be possible otherwise. Although he would prefer face-to-face teaching by live teachers, he thinks due to the state of affairs in the American school system, software based teaching seems like the best hope. Gelernter concludes the article by saying that computers may be stronger, faster and more intelligent than humans, but the uniqueness of mankind â€Å"lie beyond strength, speed and intellect† and he hopes in the future computer technology will show us how human beings can build extraordinary machines and, ultimately, how meaningless these machines are.

Tips for Expressing Sympathy

Tips for Expressing Sympathy Unfortunately, bad things happen. When we hear about these events happening to people we care about, expressing our sympathy can go a long way. Doing so is often difficult as we want to communicate  our concern but dont want to be intrusive or offensive. With these tips and your sincere sentiments, your words of comfort are likely to be meaningful to the person in your life who is having a tough time. Structuring Common Phrases of Sympathy in English Here are some common phrases to help you express sympathy. Im sorry to hear about Noun/Gerund   Im sorry to hear about your difficulties with the boss. I know he can be really difficult at times.Ellen just told me the news. Im sorry to hear about your not getting into Harvard! Please accept my condolences.   This phrase is used to express sympathy when someone has died. Please accept my condolences. Your father was a great man.Im sorry to hear of your loss. Please accept my condolences. Thats so sad. Thats so sad that you lost your job.Thats so sad that he doesnt love you anymore.  I hope things get better soon. This phrase is used when people have been having difficulty over a long period  of time. I know your life has been difficult lately. I hope things get better soon.I cant believe how much bad luck youve had. I hope things get better soon. I hope you feel better soon. This phrase is used when someone is experiencing health problems. Im so sorry you broke your leg. I hope you feel better soon.ï » ¿Stay home for the week. I hope you feel better soon.   Example Dialogue Expressing sympathy is used in a number of situations. For example, you might express sympathy for someone whose family member has passed away. Generally,  we express sympathy to someone who has difficulties of some sort.  Here are some example dialogues to help you learn when to express sympathy in English. Person 1:  Ive been rather sick lately.Person 2:  I hope you feel better soon. Another Example Person 1:  Tim has been having a lot of troubles lately. I think he might be getting a divorce.Person 2:  Im sorry to hear about Tims problems. I hope things get better for him soon. Writing Sympathy Notes Its also common to express sympathy in writing. Here are some common phrases you can use when writing a sympathy note to someone. Notice that it is common to use the plural we and our when expressing written sympathy as a way to express that a family. Finally, its important to keep a sympathy note short. My heartfelt condolences on your loss.Our thoughts are with you.She/he was a lot of things to many people and will be missed tremendously.I am thinking of you in your time of loss.We are very saddened to hear of your loss. With deepest sympathies.You have my sincere sympathy.You have our deepest sympathy. Example Sympathy Note Dear John, I heard recently that your mother passed away. She was such a wonderful woman. Please accept my heartfelt condolences on your loss. You have our deepest sympathy. Warm regards, Ken